2) Common machine types Open-mouth bagger (5–50 kg): Pre-made PP/Paper/PE bags; clamp → fill → sew/heat seal. Speed: 6–18 bags/min (single spout), up to 24–30 with dual. Valve-bag packer (10–50 kg): For cement/chemicals; impeller, screw, or air packer into valve. Speed: 8–20 bags/min per spout; multi-spout carousels to 120+ bags/min. FFS (Form-Fill-Seal) from tubular film (10–50 kg): Film → tube → fill → seal; lowest bag cost. Speed: 10–30 bags/min; excellent dust control. Jumbo bag (FIBC) station (500–2,000 kg): Auto loop hook, bag inflation, bulk fill, densify, top seal. Speed: 8–20 bags/hour; ±0.1–0.3% accuracy. 3) Core modules Feeding & Dosing: gravity gate, screw feeder, belt feeder, vibratory, air packer; coarse+fine. Weighing: net or gross weigh hoppers; load cells C3/C6; typical accuracy ±0.1–0.3%. Bag Handling: auto magazine, pick-place, mouth opening with vacuum/air knives, clamps. Sealing: sewing (tape/crepe), heat-seal (PE/laminate), ultrasonic, pinch-bag sealer. Conveyors: flat/roller, take-away, metal detector, checkweigher. End-of-Line: robotic palletizer, top-sheet, stretch wrapper, pallet labeler. Dust/Vapor Control: enclosures, extraction ports, filters, ATEX/EX options. 4) Typical line flow (open-mouth example) Infeed & empty-bag magazine Auto pick & mouth opening Tare → Coarse/Fine fill Deaerate & settle (vibration/densifier) Seal (sew/heat) & trim Checkweigh & reject Print/Apply label or inkjet Palletize & wrap 5) Materials handled Powders: cement, lime, titanium dioxide, flour, starch, carbon black Granules/pellets: fertilizer, resin, rice, sugar, salt, feed Flaky/irregular: seeds, coal fines, minerals (with anti-bridge aids) 6) Options & upgrades Hygienic 304/316L contact parts; tool-less changeover Anti-corrosion/PTFE/PVDF contact kits Bag deflation/needle vents; nitrogen flush Recipe management for multiple SKUs & sizes Vision code verification; metal detection; X-ray (on request) Safety: Category 3/PL d, interlocks, light curtains; ATEX/IECEx for dusty/ex zones